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Somerled
Somerled (died 1164), known in Gaelic as Somairle, Somhairle, and Somhairlidh, and in Old Norse as Sumarliði, was a mid-twelfth-century warlord who, through marital alliance and military conquest, rose in prominence and seized control of the Kingdom of the Isles. Little is certain of Somerled's origins, although he appears to have belonged to a Norse-Gaelic family of some substance. His father, GilleBride, appears to have conducted a marriage alliance with Malcolm, a son of Alexander I of Scotland, and claimant to the Scottish throne. Following a period of dependence upon David I of Scotland, Somerled first appears on record in 1153, when he supported kinsmen, identified as the sons of Malcolm, in their insurgence against the newly enthroned Malcolm IV. Following this unsuccessful uprising, Somerled appears to have turned his sights upon the kingship of the Isles, then ruled by his brother-in-law, Godred Olafsson. Taking advantage of the latter's faltering authority, Somerled participated in a violent coup d'état, and seized half of the kingdom in 1156. Two years later, he defeated and drove Godred from power, and Somerled ruled the entire kingdom until his death.
Somerled was slain in 1164, amidst an invasion of mainland Scotland, commanding forces drawn from throughout and outwith his kingdom. The reasons for his attack are unknown. Whilst it is possible that he wished to nullify Scottish encroachment, the scale of Somerled's venture suggests that he nursed greater ambitions. On his demise, Somerled's vast kingdom disintegrated, although his sons retained much of the southern Hebridean portion. Compared to his immediate descendants, who associated themselves with reformed religious orders, Somerled may have been something of a religious traditionalist. In the last year of his life, he attempted to persuade the head of the Columban monastic community, Flaithbertach Ua Brolcháin, Abbot of Derry, to relocate from Ireland to Iona, a sacred island seated within Somerled's sphere of influence. Unfortunately for Somerled, his demise at the Battle of Renfrew denied him the ecclesiastical reunification he sought, and decades later his descendants oversaw the obliteration of the island's Columban monastery. Be that as it may, the oldest surviving building on the island, St Oran's Chapel, dates to the mid-twelfth century, and may have been constructed by Somerled or his family.
Traditionally imagined as a Celtic hero, who vanquished Viking foes and fostered a Gaelic renaissance, contemporary sources instead reveal that Somerled operated in, and belonged to, the same Norse-Gaelic cultural environment of his maritime neighbours. By his wife, Ragnhild, daughter of Olaf Godredsson, King of the Isles, a member of the Crovan dynasty, Somerled and his descendants were able to lay claims to the Kingdom of the Isles. A later mediaeval successor to this kingdom, the Lordship of the Isles, was ruled by Somerled's descendants until the late fifteenth century. Regarded as a significant figure in twelfth-century Scottish and Manx history, Somerled is proudly proclaimed as a patrilineal ancestor by several Scottish clans. Recent genetic studies suggest that Somerled has hundreds of thousands of patrilineal descendants, and that his patrilineal origins may lie in Scandinavia.
==Sources==
Somerled's career is patchily documented in four main contemporary sources: the ''Chronicle of Holyrood'', the ''Chronicle of Melrose'', the ''Chronicle of Mann'', and the ''Carmen de Morte Sumerledi''.〔McDonald 1997, p. 40.〕 The chronicles of Holyrood and Melrose were originally compiled in the late twelfth century.〔Anderson, AO 1922a, pp. xli–xlii, xliii–xlv.〕 As products of Scottish reformed monasteries, these sources tend to be sympathetic to the cause of the Scottish kings descended from Malcolm III, King of Scotland.〔McDonald 1997, pp. 40–41.〕 The ''Chronicle of Mann'' was first compiled in the mid-thirteenth century,〔Anderson, AO 1922a, p. xliii.〕 and concerns itself with the history of the Crovan dynasty, a rival kindred of Somerled and his descendants.〔McDonald 1997, p. 41.〕 For similar reasons, the aforementioned sources and the ''Carmen de Morte Sumerledi'', a late twelfth-century Latin poem, authored by a Scottish cleric who witnessed Somerled's final invasion against the Scots, are partisan accounts slanted against Somerled.〔 Various Irish annals are also useful sources of information, although they usually only corroborate what is documented in other sources.〔 Later clan histories, such as the early modern ''History of the MacDonalds'' and the ''Book of Clanranald'', although unreliable as historical narratives, contain a considerable amount of detailed information. The late provenance and partisan nature of these histories means that their uncorroborated claims, particularly those concerning early figures such as Somerled and his contemporaries, need to be treated with caution.〔Raven 2005, pp. 22–25; McDonald 1997, pp. 42–43, 47.〕 Another relevant source is a particular charter, issued by Malcolm IV, King of Scotland (d. 1165) in 1160, that briefly notes Somerled in its dating clause.〔Woolf 2013, pp. 2, 4–5.〕
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